shared many views with Proletkult

"People will divide into "parties" over the question of a new gigantic canal, or the distribution of oases in the Sahara (such a question will exist too), over the regulation of the weather and the climate, over a new theatre, over chemical hypotheses, over two competing tendencies in music, and over a best system of sports." - Leon Trotsky, Literature and Revolution At the start of the twentieth century sport had not flourished in Russia to the same extent as in countries such as Britain. The majority of the Russian population were peasants, spending hours each day on back-breaking agricultural labour. Leisure time was difficult to come by and even then people were often exhausted from their work. Of course people did still play, taking part in such traditional games as lapta (similar to baseball) and gorodki (a bowling game). A smattering of sports clubs existed in the larger cities but they remained the preserve of the richer members of society. Ice hockey was beginning to grow in popularity, and the upper echelons of society were fond of fencing and rowing, using expensive equipment most people would never have been able to afford. In 1917 the Russian Revolution turned the world upside down, inspiring millions of people with its vision of a society built on solidarity and the fulfilment of human need. In the process it unleashed an explosion of creativity in art, music, poetry and literature. It touched every area of people's lives, including the games they played. Sport, however, was far from being a priority. The Bolsheviks, who had led the revolution, were confronted with civil war, invading armies, widespread famine and a typhus epidemic. Survival, not leisure, was the order of the day. However, during the early part of the 1920s, before the dreams of the revolution were crushed by Stalin, the debate over a "best system of sports" that Trotsky had predicted did indeed take place. Two of the groups to tackle the question of "physical culture" were the hygienists and the Proletkultists. https://telegra.ph/BEST-BUSINESS-OPPORTUNITIES-An-Incredibly-Easy-Method-That-Works-For-All-12-17 https://controlc.com/4623077f https://notes.io/Shx5 https://anotepad.com/notes/kdm832wh https://www.easyfie.com/read-blog/685779 https://pbase.com/topics/edgeelbow7/learn_to_do_best_business https://www.click4r.com/posts/g/3177034/best-business-opportunities-and-love-have-4-things-in-common https://upton-hjelm.blogbright.net/why-my-best-business-opportunities-is-better-than-yours https://connor-duke.technetbloggers.de/3-things-everyone-knows-about-best-business-opportunities-that-you-dont-1639712614 https://answercoat2.werite.net/post/2021/12/17/Where-Is-The-Best-BEST-BUSINESS-OPPORTUNITIES http://cqms.skku.edu/b/lecture/427969 https://geesekarate5.bravejournal.net/post/2021/12/17/Don-t-Fall-For-This-BEST-BUSINESS-OPPORTUNITIES-Scam https://www.folkd.com/submit/http://monafun.tk// 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https://forums.ppsspp.org/member.php?action=profile&uid=1652494 https://gto5767.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1929797 http://bbs.tanwanly.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1088279 http://www.ccwin.cn/space-uid-6112102.html https://apk.tw/space-uid-4059180.html https://dailyuploads.net/zmr9p1n6mqyi https://www.file-upload.com/fwpij97tic50 http://www.docspal.com/viewer?id=ynrkcaky-19773353 https://userscloud.com/mrarsun8stm5 https://files.fm/f/g74k47b3m Hygienists As the name implies the hygienists were a collection of doctors and health care professionals whose attitudes were informed by their medical knowledge. Generally speaking they were critical of sport, concerned that its emphasis on competition placed participants at risk of injury. They were equally disdainful of the West's preoccupation with running faster, throwing further or jumping higher than ever before. "It is completely unnecessary and unimportant," said A.A. Zikmund, head of the Physical Culture Institute in Moscow, "that anyone set a new world or Russian record." Instead the hygienists advocated non-competitive physical pursuits - like gymnastics and swimming -as ways for people to stay healthy and relax. For a period of time the hygienists influenced Soviet policy on questions of physical culture. It was on their advice that certain sports were prohibited, and football, boxing and weight-lifting were all omitted from the programme of events at the First Trade Union Games in 1925. However the hygienists were far from unanimous in their condemnation of sport. V.V. Gorinevsky, for example, was an advocate of playing tennis which he saw as being an ideal physical exercise. Nikolai Semashko, a doctor and the People's Commissar for Health, went much further arguing that sport was "the open gate to physical culture" which "develops the sort of will-power, strength and skill that should distinguish Soviet people." Proletkult In contrast to the hygienists the Proletkult movement was unequivocal in its rejection of 'bourgeois' sport. Indeed they denounced anything that smacked of the old society, be it in art, literature or music. They saw the ideology of capitalism woven into the fabric of sport. Its competitiveness set workers against each other, dividing people by tribal and national identities, while the physicality of the games put unnatural strains on the bodies of the players. In place of sport Proletkultists argued for new, proletarian forms of play, founded on the principles of mass participation and cooperation. Often these new games were huge theatrical displays looking more like carnivals or parades than the sports we see today. Contests were shunned on the basis that they were ideologically incompatible with the new socialist society. Participation replaced spectating, and each event contained a distinct political message, as is apparent from some of their names: Rescue from the Imperialists; Smuggling Revolutionary Literature Across the Frontier; and Helping the Proletarians. Bolsheviks It would be easy to characterise the Bolsheviks as being anti-sports. Leading members of the party were friends and comrades with those who were most critical of sport during the debates on physical culture. Some of the leading hygienists were close to Leon Trotsky, while Anotoli Lunacharsky, the Commissar for the Enlightenment, shared many views with Proletkult. In addition, the party's attitude to the Olympics is normally given as evidence to support this anti-sport claim. The Bolsheviks boycotted the Games arguing that they "deflect workers from the class struggle and train them for imperialist wars". Yet in reality the Bolshevik's attitudes towards sport were somewhat more complicated. It is clear that that they regarded participation in the new physical culture as being highly important, a life-affirming activity allowing people to experience the freedom and movement of their own bodies. Lenin was convinced that recreation and exercise were integral parts of a well-rounded life. "Young people especially need to have a zest for life and be in good spirits. Healthy sport - gymnastics, swimming, hiking all manner of physical exercise - should be combined as much as possible with a variety of intellectual interests, study, analysis and investigation... Healthy bodies, healthy minds!" Unsurprisingly, in the aftermath of the revolution, sport would play a political role for the Bolsheviks. Facing internal and external threats which would decimate the working class, they saw sport as a means by which the health and fitness of the population could be improved. As early as 1918 they issued a decree, On Compulsory Instruction in the Military Art, introducing physical training to the education system. This tension between the ideals of a future physical culture and the pressing concerns of the day were evident in a resolution passed by the Third All-Russia Congress of the Russian Young Communist League in October 1920: "The physical culture of the younger generation is an essential element in the overall system of communist upbringing of young people, aimed at creating harmoniously developed human beings, creative citizens of communist society. Today physical culture also has direct practical aims: (1) preparing young people for work; and (2) preparing them for military defence of Soviet power." Sport would also play a role in other areas of political work. Prior to the revolution the liberal educationalist Peter Lesgaft noted that "social servitude has left its degrading imprint on women. Our task is to free the female body of its fetters". Now the Bolsheviks attempted to put his ideas into practice. The position of women in society had already been greatly improved through the legalisation of abortion and divorce, but sport could also play a role by increasingly bringing women into public life. "It is our urgent task to draw women into sport," said Lenin. "If we can achieve that and get them to make full use of the sun, water and fresh air for fortifying themselves, we shall bring an entire revolution in the Russian way of life." And sport became another way of conveying the ideals of the revolution to the working classes of Europe. The worker-sport movement stretched across the continent and millions of workers were members of sports clubs run mainly by reformist organisations. The Red Sports International (RSI) was formed in 1921 with the express intention of connecting with these workers. Through the following decade the RSI (and the reformist Socialist Worker Sports International) held a number of Spartakiads and Worker Olympics in opposition to the official Olympic Games. Worker-athletes from across the globe would come together to participate in a whole range of events including processions, poetry, art and competitive sport. There was none of the discrimination that marred the 'proper' Olympics. Men and women of all colours were eligible to take part irrespective of ability. The results were very much of secondary importance. The Olympics are unlike any other sporting competition on the planet. For 16 days, over 300 events representing 35 sports and every country on the planet compete to take home their prized medals, and I have looked forward to watching the Summer Olympics every 4 years since as far back as I can remember. But there's always been something missing. One of the United States most popular sports, and a top 10 sport throughout the world, it looks as though tackle and flag football could be Olympic sports by the year 2024, but issue obstacles still remain for that to become a reality. First we'll walk through some reasons why the road to getting American Football included into the Olympics has not been an easy journey, followed by why we believe flag football to be the logical solution and choice as a future Olympic sport. WHY ISN'T AMERICAN FOOTBALL ALREADY AN OLYMPIC SPORT? According to an article by NFL.com, the biggest logistical problems facing the sport of American Football being included in the Olympics are very similar to that of Rugby. With the large numbers of participants on each team, the "gender equality" formats where both men and women participate in every sport, and the compressed 3 week schedule that would be tough with a more physical game like football and rugby. Furthermore for American Football, the barrier to entry is high due to it's cost to equip all players with pads and gear, and therefor has also been slow to adopt in many foreign countries, especially of the poorer variety. Knowing all this, it's hard to see how either sport would be a good fit for the Summer Olympics. Rugby is a lot like Soccer in that very little is needed to play the sport in terms of gear and practice at it's base level, and has a much larger international following. This among other reasons has recently allowed Rugby to be cleared for the Olympics starting in 2016 by changing the traditional style to a less traditional "sevens" format which is faster paced with less people, which could help carve a similar path for American Football, or flag football more specifically. https://telegra.ph/Being-A-Star-In-Your-Industry-Is-A-Matter-Of-BEST-BUSINESS-OPPORTUNITIES-12-30 https://controlc.com/6367038b https://notes.io/Aq48 http://cqms.skku.edu/b/lecture/505165 https://anotepad.com/notes/c8i24cwm https://pbase.com/topics/stockturtle83/you_will_thank_us_10_tips https://coley-dempsey.technetbloggers.de/best-business-opportunities-is-crucial-to-your-business-learn-why https://edvardsen-keating.blogbright.net/best-business-opportunities-and-love-have-4-things-in-common https://www.click4r.com/posts/g/3280272/believe-in-your-best-business-opportunities-skills-but-never-stop-improving 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https://lib02.uwec.edu/ClarkWiki/index.php?title=10-Best-Practices-For-BEST-BUSINESS-OPPORTUNITIES-f http://bioimagingcore.be/q2a/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=coltlisa83 https://genius.com/soyquince07 https://repo.getmonero.org/coltreward65 http://gmprvolg.ru/user/hosespear54/ http://www.dellemimose.it/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=2561670 http://www.eduvision.edu.pk/counseling/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=hoselisa41 https://list.ly/wichmannseverinsen918 https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reauthorization/reauexit.cfm?link=http://testdrivewpmu.tk/ https://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/bye?http://testdrivewpmu.tk/ https://ask.fm/soyclass687 http://git.radenintan.ac.id/coltreward75 https://vimeo.com/coltlink76 http://www.nidiinfanziaolbia.it/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=3908872 https://www.ted.com/profiles/32439608 http://www.redsea.gov.eg/taliano/Lists/Lista%20dei%20reclami/DispForm.aspx?ID=1460775 https://intensedebate.com/people/coltturtle5 http://www.authorstream.com/cancerlink13/ http://q2a.sydt.com.tw/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=coltturtle84 https://gto5767.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1997892 http://bbs.tanwanly.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1121242 http://www.ccwin.cn/space-uid-6200138.html https://apk.tw/space-uid-4106262.html https://dailyuploads.net/d0mbp6l2ir29 https://www79.zippyshare.com/v/fPEcmmOS/file.html http://www.docspal.com/viewer?id=cbxiqguj-19892485 https://www.file-upload.com/cjq3wypu7eew https://userscloud.com/1igco6mucyfp https://files.fm/f/8ghc6n9s5 TACKLE SAFETY CONCERNS Even more and more high school, college and pro teams are starting to reduce the number of contact practices, still sporting the likes of soft-padded headgear and shoulder pads for added protection. But what if we could limit the contact players see before high school and middle school while also addressing some of the concerns for the sport related to it being fully accepted into the Olympics?There's a lot of talk recently revolving around the safety of tackle football, and not just in the NFL where concussions are a major concern. Starting as far back as the youth football level, recent evidence has surfaced supporting the idea that even short of a concussion, repeated head impacts and collision can manifest in similar brain injuries later in life for kids tested between the ages of 8-13. Many researchers are suggesting kids shouldn't be playing football at all, suggesting that kids' heads are "a larger part of their body, and their necks are not as strong as adults' necks. So kids may be at a greater risk of head and brain injuries than adults." DREW BREES BELIEVES FLAG FOOTBALL CAN SAVE FOOTBALL As of 2015, studies show that flag football is the fastest growing youth sport in the United States, greatly outpacing the growth of traditional tackle football. Many individual high schools are making the switch to flag football over tackle, getting other schools in their regions to follow suit creating organized leagues and divisions. It's even an officially recognized varsity sport in many states, and with women especially flag football is a way to allow easier participation versus the physical nature of tackle.And he's not the only one. Recently Drew Brees was interviewed by Peter King for NBC's pregame show and had some strong words on why he believes flag football is the answer. "I feel like flag football can save football," Brees said. Brees coaches his son's flag football team, and played flag football himself through junior high, never playing tackle football until high school. "I feel like (flag football) is a great introductory method for a lot of kids into football," Brees mentioned. "Otherwise I feel it's very easy to go in and have a bad experience early on and then not want to ever play it again. I feel like once you put the pads on there are just so many other elements to the game, and you're at the mercy of the coach in a lot of cases too. And to be honest, I don't think enough coaches are well-versed enough in regards to the true fundamentals of the game especially when the pads go on at the youth level." Many other pro athletes and coaches have expressed similar sentiments as well, singing praises for the sport of flag football, and the rise in popularity of the sport echoes that. Flag football isn't a fluke or just a recreational development tool that feeds into tackle football, it's a full-fledged movement that has it's own identity and purpose and it's time we recognized that distinction. So, were the Bolsheviks anti-sport? They certainly did not seem to go as far as Proletkult's fervent ideological opposition and, as we have seen, were prepared to utilise sport in the pursuit of wider political goals. No doubt there were many individual Bolsheviks who despised sports. Equally many will have greatly enjoyed them. Indeed, as the British secret agent Robert Bruce Lockhart observed, Lenin himself was a keen sportsman: "From boyhood he had been fond of shooting and skating. Always a great walker, he became a keen mountaineer, a lively cyclist, and an impatient fisherman." Lunacharsky, despite his association with Proletkult, extolled the virtues of both rugby union and boxing, hardly the most benign of modern sports. This is not to say that the party was uncritical of 'bourgeois' sport. It is clear that they tackled the worst excesses of sport under capitalism. The emphasis on competition was removed, contest that risked serious injury to the participants was banned, the flag-waving nationalist trappings endemic to modern sport disappeared, and the games people played were no longer treated as commodities. But the Bolsheviks were never overly prescriptive in their analysis of what physical culture should look like.